The Importance of Spiritual Leadership in Virtual Teams: Assessing the Reliability and Validity of a Research Tool
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15678/krem.9284Keywords:
spiritual leadership, virtual team, model, validation, validity, reliabilityAbstract
Objective: The article examines the relationship between spiritual leadership, a sense of meaning and membership, and virtual team effectiveness. Much of the research points to the applicability of the spiritual leadership model to determine individual and organisational performance. However, there are no studies in this area regarding virtual teams, which have recently become a basic organisational unit at work.
Research Design & Methods: The survey was conducted among 602 members of virtual teams. The confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling were used to determine the validity and reliability of the questionnaire used.
Findings: The research results show, first, that the theoretical model is a good fit and, second, that spiritual leadership has an indirect influence on the effectiveness of virtual teams by building the meaning of work and helping team members feel a sense of belonging.
Implications / Recommendations: The proposed model of spiritual leadership and its variables have been positively verified and the model can be used in a virtual team.
Contribution: In the theoretical context, relationships between variables were identified and the importance of spiritual leadership for virtual teamwork was assessed. In an empirical context, research was conducted that verified the usefulness of the spiritual leadership model, thus proposing a specific tool for assessing spiritual leadership in virtual teams.
Downloads
References
Agrawal, S., De Smet, A., Lacroix, S. i Reich, A. (2020). To Emerge Stronger from the COVID-19 Crisis, Companies Should Start Reskilling Their Workforces Now. Pobrane z: https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/people-and-organizational-performance/our-insights/to-emerge-stronger-from-the-covid-19-crisis-companies-should-start-reskilling-their-workforces-now#/ (data dostępu: 30.08.2022).
Akoglu, H. (2018). User’s Guide to Correlation Coefficients. Turkish Journal of Emergency Medicine, 18(3), 91–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjem.2018.08.001
Bartsch, S., Weber, E., Büttgen, M. i Huber, A. (2020). Leadership Matters in Crisis-induced Digital Transformation: How to Lead Service Employees Effectively during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Service Management, 32(1), 71–85. https://doi.org/10.1108/josm-05-2020-0160
Bayighomog, S. W. i Araslı, H. (2019). Workplace Spirituality – Customer Engagement Nexus: The Mediated Role of Spiritual Leadership on Customer-oriented Boundary-spanning Behaviors. The Service Industries Journal, 39(7–8), 637–661. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2019.1570153
Bell, B. S., McAlpine, K. L. i Hill, N. S. (2019). Leading from a Distance: Advancements in Virtual Leadership Research. W: R. N. Landers (red.), Cambridge Handbook of Technology and Employee Behavior (s. 387–418). Cambridge University Press.
Boyd, B. K., Gove, S. i Hitt, M. A. (2005). Construct Measurement in Strategic Management Research: Illusion or Reality? Strategic Management Journal, 26(3), 239–257. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.444
Brzozowski, M. (2010). Organizacja wirtualna. PWE.
Cascio, W. F. (2003). Responsible Restructuring: Seeing Employees as Assets, Not Costs. Ivey Business Journal Online, November/December.
Chen, C. Y., Chen, C. H. i Li, C. I. (2013). The Influence of Leader’s Spiritual Values of Servant Leadership on Employee Motivational Autonomy and Eudaemonic Well-being. Journal of Religion and Health, 52(2), 418–438. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-011-9479-3
Chen, C. Y. i Yang, C. F. (2012). The Impact of Spiritual Leadership on Organizational Citizenship Behavior: A Multi-sample Analysis. Journal of Business Ethics, 105, 107–114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-0953-3
Chutnik, M. i Grzesik, K. (2009). Leading a Virtual Intercultural Team. Implications for Virtual Team Leaders. Journal of Intercultural Management, 1(1), 67–75.
Czakon, W. (2019). Walidacja narzędzia pomiarowego w naukach o zarządzaniu. Przegląd Organizacji, 951(4), 3–10. https://doi.org/10.33141/po.2019.04.01
Dulebohn, J. H. i Hoch, J. E. (2017). Virtual Teams in Organizations. Human Resource Management Review, 27(4), 569–574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2016.12.004
Ferguson, M. J. (2004). The Role of Group Membership Perception and Team Identity in a Virtual Team’s Use of Influence Tactics. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.602047
Ferrazzi, K. (2014). Managing Yourself. Harvard Business Review, 92(12).
Fry, L. W. (2003). Toward a Theory of Spiritual Leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 14(6), 693–727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2003.09.001
Fry, L. W. i Cohen, M. P. (2009). Spiritual Leadership as a Paradigm for Organizational Transformation and Recovery from Extended Work Hours Cultures. Journal of Business Ethics, 84, 265–278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9695-2
Fry, L. W. i Egel, E. (2017). Spiritual Leadership: Embedding Sustainability in the Triple Bottom Line. Graziadio Business Review, 20(3).
Fry, L. W. i Slocum, J. W., Jr. (2008). Maximizing the Triple Bottom Line through Spiritual Leadership. Organizational Dynamics, 37(1), 86–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2007.11.004
Fry, L. W., Vitucci, S. i Cedillo, M. (2005). Spiritual Leadership and Army Transformation: Theory, Measurement, and Establishing a Baseline. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(5), 835–862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.07.012
Gibson, C. B. i Gibbs, J. L. (2006). Unpacking the Concept of Virtuality: The Effects of Geographic Dispersion, Electronic Dependence, Dynamic Structure, and National Diversity on Team Innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 51(3), 451–495. https://doi.org/10.2189/asqu.51.3.451
Hacker, J. V., Johnson, M., Saunders, C. i Thayer, A. L. (2019). Trust in Virtual Teams: A Multidisciplinary Review and Integration. Australasian Journal of Information Systems, 23. https://doi.org/10.3127/ajis.v23i0.1757
Hackman, J. R. i Oldham, G. R. (1976). Motivation through the Design of Work: Test of a Theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16(2), 250–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(76)90016-7
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E. i Tatham, L. R. (2006). Multivariant Data Analysis. Pearson Prentice Hall.
Hair, J. F., Money, A. H., Samouel, P. i Page, M. (2007). Research Methods for Business. John Wiley & Sons.
Hair, J. F., Jr., Ringle, C. M. i Sarstedt, M. (2013). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling: Rigorous Applications, Better Results and Higher Acceptance. Long Range Planning, 46(1–2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2013.01.001
Hoegl, M. i Muethel, M. (2016), Enabling Shared Leadership in Virtual Project Teams: A Practitioners’ Guide. Project Management Journal, 47(1), 7–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmj.21564
Korol, J. (2005). Modele równań strukturalnych i sieci neuronowe w modelowaniu rozwoju zrównoważonego. Akademickie Wydawnictwo Ekonomiczne.
Kowalska-Musiał, M. (2009). Modele APIM w kształtowaniu relacji usługowej. W: I. Rudowska, M. Soboń (red.), Przedsiębiorstwo i klient w gospodarce opartej na usługach. Difin.
Kowalska-Musiał, M. i Ziółkowska, A. (2013). Analiza czynnikowa w badaniach struktury relacji w marketingu relacyjnym. Zeszyt Naukowy Wyższej Szkoły Zarządzania i Bankowości w Krakowie, 27.
Liao, C. (2017). Leadership in Virtual Teams: A Multilevel Perspective. Human Resource Management Review, 27(4), 648–659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2016.12.010
Lin, C., Standing, C. i Liu, Y. C. (2008). A Model to Develop Effective Virtual Teams. Decision Support Systems, 45(4), 1031–1045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2008.04.002
Majchrzak, A., Malhotra, A., Stamps, J. i Lipnack, J. (2005). Tajemnica sukcesu wirtualnych zespołów. Harvard Business Review Polska, 4.
Martinic, A., Fertalj, K. i Kalpic, D. (2012). Methodological Framework for Virtual Team Project Management. International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, 3(6), 702–707.
Mesjasz, C. (2008). Ewolucja mechanizmów koordynacji w przedsiębiorstwach międzynarodowych. W: M. Trocki (red.), Innowacyjne systemy i metody zarządzania międzynarodowego. Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie – Oficyna Wydawnicza.
Michaelson, C., Pratt, M. G., Grant, A. M. i Dunn, C. P. (2014). Meaningful Work: Connecting Business Ethics and Organization Studies. Journal of Business Ethics, 121, 77–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1675-5
Na-Nan, K. (2020). Organizational Behavior Scale Development. Triple Education.
Powell, A., Piccoli, G. i Ives, B. (2004). Virtual Teams: A Review of Current Literature and Directions for Future Research. Database for Advances in Information Systems, 35(1), 6–36.
Purvanova, R. K. i Bono, J. E. (2009). Transformational Leadership in Context: Face-to-face and Virtual Teams. The Leadership Quarterly, 20(3), 343–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.03.004
Rakowska, A. i Mącik, R. (2016). Zaangażowanie pracownika a satysfakcja z pracy – modelowanie zależności z wykorzystaniem PLS-SEM. Przegląd Organizacji, 5, 48–59. https://doi.org/10.33141/po.2016.05.07
Reave, L. (2005). Spiritual Values and Practices Related to Leadership Effectiveness. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(5), 655–687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.07.003
Rybnikova, I. i Lang, R. (2021). Partizipative und geteilte Führung: Alle machen mit? W: I. Rybnikova, R. Lang (red.), Aktuelle Führungstheorien und -konzepte. Springer Gabler.
Samul, J. (2022). Walidacja modelu przywództwa duchowego wśród polskich pracowników. W: M. Makowiec, B. Mikuła (red.), Uwarunkowania współczesnego zarządzania. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Akademii Nauk Stosowanych w Nowym Sączu.
Samul, J. i Wangmo. (2021). Spiritual Dimensions in Leadership: A Comparative Analysis of Polish and Bhutanese Managers. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 14, 847–856. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S311456
Sharma, R. R. (2019). Evolving a Model of Sustainable Leadership: An Ex-post Facto Research. Vision: The Journal of Business Perspective, 23(2), 152–169. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972262919840216
Sroka, W. (2009). Wykorzystanie modelu równań strukturalnych do oceny wpływu kapitału ludzkiego na sukces ekonomiczny przodujących gospodarstw karpackich. Roczniki Nauk Rolniczych. Seria G – Ekonomika Rolnictwa, 96(4). https://doi.org/10.22630/RNR.2009.96.4.82
Sztenberg-Lewadowska, M. (2008). Analiza czynnikowa w badaniach marketingowych. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu.
Van Veldhoven, M., Van den Broeck, A., Daniels, K., Bakker, A. B., Tavares, S. M. i Ogbonnaya, C. (2020). Challenging the Universality of Job Resources: Why, When, and for Whom Are They Beneficial. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 69(1), 5–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12211
Yang, F., Huang, X. i Wu, L. (2019). Experiencing Meaningfulness Climate in Teams: How Spiritual Leadership Enhances Team Effectiveness When Facing Uncertain Tasks. Human Resource Management, 58(2), 155–168. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21943
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Krakow University of Economics
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
