An Estimation of the Efficiency of Public Research Institutes in Poland: The DEA Approach
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15678/ZNUEK.2023.1000.0202Keywords:
public research institutes, efficiency, R&D, DEAAbstract
Objective: The purpose of this paper is to measure and assess the efficiency of research institutes in Poland. The institutes operate on the basis of various legal frameworks, but they serve a common purpose and have a joint area of activity, research and development.
Research Design & Methods: We used the SBM model, a component of the non-parametric Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) methodology, to analyse the efficiency of research institutes in 2019. The Metafrontier approach was also employed to verify whether the above different legal framework had an impact on the functioning of the entities under analysis.
Findings: Histograms of the efficiency measure indicate a large dispersion of its value. In particular, a significant fraction of units is characterised by extremely high values of this measure. Average MTRs, calculated using the Metafrontier approach, are mostly significantly lower than one.
Implications / Recommendations: The obtained results indicate that groups of institutes with different legal framework function differently. Moreover, a large proportion of the objects analysed is characterised by significant inefficiency within the area of R&D. The paper lists the potential reasons, which will be the object of further, in-depth research.
Contribution: The research constitutes a preliminary attempt to analyse and evaluate the efficiency of research institutes in Poland after the introduction of the last reform of the science and higher education system in 2018, as such studies have not been carried out to date. It is also essential to use the Metafrontier approach within the DEA methodology in order to model differences in the functioning of three different groups of research institutes in Poland.
Downloads
References
Barcikowska R. (2016), Instytuty badawcze w Polsce – próba syntetycznej oceny ich miejsca i roli w polityce innowacyjnej Polski, “Marketing Instytucji Naukowych i Badawczych”, no. 3(21).
Barcikowska R. (2021), New Organizational Model for Functioning of Research Institutes in Poland – Comparative Analysis of Łukasiewicz and Poltrin Networks, “Marketing of Scientific and Research Organizations”, vol. 39(1), https://doi.org/10.2478/minib-2021-0002.
Brzezicki Ł. (2020), Przegląd badań dotyczących efektywności i produktywności polskiego szkolnictwa wyższego, prowadzonych za pomocą metody DEA i indeksu Malmquista, “Ekonomia. Wroclaw Economic Review”, vol. 26(2), https://doi.org/10.19195/2658-1310.26.2.2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19195/2658-1310.26.2.2
Brzezicki Ł. (2022), Działalność publicznych instytutów badawczych w Polsce, “Nauki Ekonomiczne”, vol. 36, https://doi.org/10.19251/ne/2022.36(2).
Brzezicki Ł., Prędki A. (2022), Appendix 2022 PRI. Empirical Studies Using DEA Method and Malmquist Index to Measure the Efficiency and Productivity of PRI, http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.32913.30564 (accessed: 25.09.2022).
Cheah S., Yu C. (2016), Assessing Economic Impact of Research and Innovation Originating from Public Research Institutions and Universities – Case of Singapore PRIs, “Triple Helix”, vol. 3(6), https://doi.org/10.1186/s40604-016-0037-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40604-016-0037-6
Cook W. D., Harrison J., Imanirad R., Rouse P., Zhu J. (2013), Data Envelopment Analysis with Nonhomogeneous DMUs, “Operations Research”, vol. 61(3), http://www.jstor.org/stable/23474010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1287/opre.2013.1173
Costa Póvoa L. M., Rapini S. M. (2010), Technology Transfer from Universities and Public Research Institutes to Firms in Brazil: What Is Transferred and How the Transfer Is Carried Out, “Science and Public Policy”, vol. 37(2), https://doi.org/10.3152/030234210X496619. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3152/030234210X496619
De Witte K., López-Torres L. (2017), Efficiency in Education: A Review of Literature and a Way Forward, “Journal of the Operational Research Society”, vol. 68(4), https://doi.org/10.1057/jors.2015.92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/jors.2015.92
Dusdal J., Powell J. J. W., Baker D. P., Fu Y. C., Shamekhi Y., Stock M. (2020), University vs. Research Institute? The Dual Pillars of German Science Production, 1950–2010, “Minerva”, vol. 58, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-019-09393-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-019-09393-2
Han S., Park S. K., Kwak K. T. (2021), Workforce Composition of Public R&D and Performance: Evidence from Korean Government-funded Research Institutes, “Sustainability”, vol. 13(7), https://doi.org/10.3390/su13073789. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13073789
Han S. Y., Gwak G. T., Kim S. T. (2017), Organizational Composition and R&D Performance in Science and Technology Government-funded Research Institutes (in:) Proceedings of the Korea Technology Innovation Society Conference, Korea Innovation Society.
Intarakumnerd P., Goto A. (2018), Role of Public Research Institutes in National Innovation Systems in Industrialized Countries: The Cases of Fraunhofer, NIST, CSIRO, AIST, and ITRI, “Research Policy”, vol. 47(7), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2018.04.011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2018.04.011
Kang B. (2021), Innovation Processes in Public Research Institutes: AIST, Fraunhofer and ITRI Case Studies, “Science, Technology and Society”, vol. 26(3), https://doi.org/10.1177/0971721821995588. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0971721821995588
Kao C. (2017), Network Data Envelopment Analysis. Foundations and Extensions, Springer, Cham, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31718-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31718-2
Ko S., Kim W., Lee K. (2021), Exploring the Factors Affecting Technology Transfer in Government-funded Research Institutes: The Korean Case, “Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity”, vol. 7(4), https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7040228. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7040228
Kozłowski J. (2007), Jednostki badawczo-rozwojowe w Polsce – między zależnością od ścieżek rozwojowych a tworzeniem nowych, “Nauka i Szkolnictwo Wyższe”, vol. 29(1).
Lee D. H., Seo I. W., Choe H. C., Kim H. D. (2012), Collaboration Network Patterns and Research Performance: The Case of Korean Public Research Institutions, “Scientometrics”, vol. 91, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-011-0602-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-011-0602-8
Lim S., Kim J. (2019), Technology Portfolio and Role of Public Research Institutions in Industry 4.0: A Case of South Korea, “Applied Sciences”, vol. 9(13), http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9132632. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app9132632
Lynskey M. J. (2010), Capitalizing on Knowledge from Public Research Institutions: Indications from New Technology-based Firms in Japan, “Industry and Higher Education”, vol. 24(1), https://doi.org/10.5367/000000010790877317. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5367/000000010790877317
Łącka I., Brzezicki Ł. (2020), Efficiency of the Research and Development Activities of Technical Universities in Poland, “Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy. Social Inequalities and Economic Growth”, no. 63(3), https://doi.org/10.15584/nsawg.2020.3.13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15584/nsawg.2020.3.13
Mazzoleni R., Nelson R. (2007), Public Research Institutions and Economic Catch-up, “Research Policy”, vol. 36(10), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2007.06.007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2007.06.007
OECD/Eurostat (2018), Oslo Manual 2018: Guidelines for Collecting, Reporting and Using Data on Innovation, 4th Edition, The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities, OECD Publishing, Paris/Eurostat, Luxembourg, https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264304604-en. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264304604-en
OPI-PIB (2019), Nauka w Polsce 2019, Ośrodek Przetwarzania Informacji – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy, Warszawa, https://radon.nauka.gov.pl/opendata/reports/download/pdf/Nauka%20w%20Polsce%202019.pdf (accessed: 27.09.2022).
OPI-PIB (2022), System RAD-on – Instytucje systemu szkolnictwa wyższego i nauki, https://radon.nauka.gov.pl/dane/instytucje-systemu-szkolnictwa-wyzszego-i-nauki?kind=5&pageNumber=4&statusCodes=1&statusCodes=4&siTypeCd=1&siTypeCd=2&siTypeCd=5&pageSize=50&fieldName=name&sortOrder=ASC (accessed: 25.09.2022).
Ortega J. L., López-Romero E., Fernández I. (2011), Multivariate Approach to Classify Research Institutes according to Their Outputs: The Case of the CSIC’s Institutes, “Journal of Informetrics”, vol. 5(3), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2011.01.004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2011.01.004
O’Donnell C. J., Rao D. S P., Battese G. E. (2008), Metafrontier Frameworks for the Study of Firm-level Efficiencies and Technology Ratios, “Empirical Economics”, vol. 34(2), https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-007-0119-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-007-0119-4
Park J., Shin K. (2018), Efficiency of Government-sponsored R&D Projects: A Metafrontier DEA Approach, “Sustainability”, vol. 10(7), http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10072316. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072316
Podinovski V. V. (2021), Variable and Constant Returns-to-Scale Production Technologies with Component Processes, “Operations Research”, vol. 70(2), https://doi.org/10.1287/opre.2021.2103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1287/opre.2021.2103
Rhaiem M. (2017), Measurement and Determinants of Academic Research Efficiency: A Systematic Review of the Evidence, “Scientometrics”, vol. 110, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-016-2173-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-016-2173-1
SAO (2014), Efekty działalności instytutów badawczych, Najwyższa Izba Kontroli, Warszawa, https://www.nik.gov.pl/plik/id,10114,vp,12426.pdf (accessed: 5.09.2022).
SAO (2020), Gospodarka finansowa instytutów badawczych, Najwyższa Izba Kontroli, Warszawa, https://www.nik.gov.pl/plik/id,23423,vp,26148.pdf (accessed: 7.09.2022).
Shiu J. W., Wong C. Y., Hu M. C. (2014), The Dynamic Effect of Knowledge Capitals in the Public Research Institute: Insights from Patenting Analysis of ITRI (Taiwan) and ETRI (Korea), “Scientometrics”, vol. 98, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-013-1158-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-013-1158-6
Suzuki J., Tsukada N., Goto A. (2015), Role of Public Research Institutes in Japan’s National Innovation System: Case Study of AIST, RIKEN and JAXA, “Science, Technology and Society”, vol. 20(2), https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0971721815579793. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0971721815579793
Tone K. (2001), A Slacks Based Measure of Efficiency in Data Envelopment Analysis, “European Journal of Operational Research”, vol. 130(3), https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-2217(99)00407-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-2217(99)00407-5
Trzmielak D. M., Krzymianowska-Kozłowska J. (2020), Organizacja badawcza z perspektywy rozwoju sieci. Stymulanty i bariery rozwoju nowych technologii w Sieci Badawczej Łukasiewicz (in:) Innowacje i marketing we współczesnych organizacjach. Wybrane zagadnienia, L. Bohdanowicz, P. Dziurski (eds), Oficyna Wydawnicza SGH – Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie, Warszawa.
Ustawa z dnia 30 kwietnia 2010 r. o instytutach badawczych [Act of 30 April 2010 on Research Institutes, Journal of Laws of 2010, No. 96, item 618].
Ustawa z dnia 30 kwietnia 2010 r. o Polskiej Akademii Nauk [Act of 30 April 2010 on Polish Academy of Sciences, Journal of Laws of 2010, No. 96, item 619].
Ustawa z dnia 20 lipca 2018 r. Prawo o szkolnictwie wyższym i nauce [Act of 20 July 2018 – Law on Higher Education and Science, Journal of Laws of 2018, item 1668, as amended].
Ustawa z dnia 21 lutego 2019 r. o Sieci Badawczej Łukasiewicz [Act of 21 February 2019 on Łukasiewicz Research Network, Journal of Laws of 2019, item 534].
Wolszczak-Derlacz J. (2013), Efektywność naukowa, dydaktyczna i wdrożeniowa publicznych szkół wyższych w Polsce – analiza nieparametryczna, Wydawnictwo Politechniki Gdańskiej, Gdańsk.
Wong C. Y., Hu M. C., Shiu J. W. (2015), Collaboration between Public Research Institutes and Universities: A Study of Industrial Technology Research Institute, Taiwan, “Science, Technology and Society”, vol. 20(2), https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0971721815579795. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0971721815579795
Xiong X., Yang G. L., Guan Z. C. (2018), Assessing R&D Efficiency Using a Two-stage Dynamic DEA Model: A Case Study of Research Institutes in the Chinese Academy of Sciences, “Journal of Informetrics”, vol. 12(3), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2018.07.003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2018.07.003
Yang G., Macnab A., Yang L., Fan C. (2015), Developing Performance Measures and Setting Their Targets for National Research Institutes Based on Strategy Maps, “Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management”, vol. 6(2), https://doi.org/10.1108/JSTPM-12-2014-0042. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JSTPM-12-2014-0042
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie / Cracow Review of Economics and Management
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
