Sustainable Luxury: The Essence and Validation of the Measurement Tool
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15678/krem.18779Keywords:
luxury, sustainability, consumers, preferences, questionnaire, validationAbstract
Objective: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the proposed research questionnaire for recognising consumer beliefs towards sustainable luxury.
Research Design & Methods: The study employed the diagnostic survey method with the help of computer-assisted web interview, statistical analysis, synthesis, and logical inference.
Findings: The evaluation of the validity and reliability of the authors’ survey questionnaire showed that it was an appropriate tool for studying the two indicators adopted, namely: the luxury product perception index and the luxury product buyers’ perception index. A detailed evaluation of the questionnaire did not indicate the need for modification, which means that it can be proposed in this version for further in-depth research.
Implications / Recommendations: From a practical perspective, the proposed tool can be used by producers to identify the opinions of different age groups so that a better marketing strategy can be planned.
Contribution: Our study can be considered an original contribution to science when it comes to tools for surveying consumer opinion on luxury products in the context of sustainability requirements.
Downloads
References
Achabou, M. A. (2021). Is Animal Welfare a Central Issue for Consumers of Luxury Goods? Natural Resources Forum, 45(1), 18–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-8947.12211 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-8947.12211
Andersen, P. H., Åberg, S., & Bujac, A. (2023). Corporate Sustainable Brand Identity Work and Network Embeddedness: Learnings from Better Place (2007–2013). Industrial Marketing Management, 115, 526–538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2023.10.014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2023.10.014
Apanowicz, J. (2005). Metodologiczne uwarunkowania pracy naukowej. Centrum Doradztwa i Informacji Difin.
Arrington, D. W. (2017). Ethical and Sustainable Luxury: The Paradox of Consumerism and Caring. Fashion, Style & Popular Culture, 4(3), 277–285. https://doi.org/10.1386/fspc.4.3.277_1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1386/fspc.4.3.277_1
Athwal, N., Wells, V. K., Carrigan, M., & Henninger, C. E. (2019). Sustainable Luxury Marketing: A Synthesis and Research Agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews, 21(4), 405–426. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12195 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12195
Batat, W. (2019). Customer Experience to Keep up with Changing Consumer and New Luxury Consumption Trends. In: W. Batat, The New Luxury Experience: Creating the Ultimate Customer Experience (pp. 55–74). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01671-5_3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01671-5_3
Bhakoo, V., & Meshram, K. (2021). Modern Slavery in Supply Chains. In: T. Maak, N. Pless, M. Orlitzky, S. Sandhu (Eds), The Routledge Companion to Corporate Social Responsibility. Routledge.
Bochańczyk-Kupka, D. (2014). Luksus i dobra luksusowe. Studia Ekonomiczne. Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Katowicach, 176, 97–108.
Brzyski, P., Knurowski, T., & Tobiasz-Adamczyk, B. (2003). Trafność i rzetelność kwestionariusza oceny ogólnego stanu zdrowia SF-20 w populacji osób w podeszłym wieku. Przegląd Epidemiologiczny – Epidemological Review, 57(4), 693–702.
Bujang, M. A., Omar, E. D., Foo, D. H. P., & Hon, Y. K. (2024). Sample Size Determination for Conducting a Pilot Study to Assess the Reliability of a Questionnaire. Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, 49(1), e3. https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2024.49.e3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2024.49.e3
Carcano, L. (2013). Strategic Management and Sustainability in Luxury Companies: The IWC Case. The Journal of Corporate Citizenship, 52, 36–54. https://doi.org/10.9774/GLEAF.4700.2013.de.00006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.9774/GLEAF.4700.2013.de.00006
Ceron, B. M., & Monge, M. (2024). Luxury Goods and Services in Recession Periods. Time Trends and Persistence Analysis. Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management, 23, 588–595. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41272-023-00469-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41272-023-00469-z
Cervellon, M.-C., & Shammas, L. (2013). The Value of Sustainable Luxury in Mature Markets: A Customer-based Approach. The Journal of Corporate Citizenship, 52, 90–101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9774/GLEAF.4700.2013.de.00009
Devanathan, S. (2023). Tracing the Characteristics and Consequences of Luxury through a Review of Literature. International Journal of Professional Business Review, 8(11), e03870. https://doi.org/10.26668/businessreview/2023.v8i11.3870 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26668/businessreview/2023.v8i11.3870
Directive 2005/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 May 2005 concerning unfair business-to-consumer commercial practices in the internal market and amending Council Directive 84/450/EEC, Directives 97/7/EC, 98/27/EC and 2002/65/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Regulation (EC) No 2006/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council (“Unfair Commercial Practices Directive”) (Text with EEA relevance), OJ L 149, 11.6.2005.
Dryl, W. (2018a). Can a Luxury Brand Be Socially Responsible? Luxury Business and Corporate Social Responsibility – Areas of Coexistence. International Journal of Contemporary Management, 17(4), 65–91. https://doi.org/10.4467/24498939IJCM.18.037.10023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4467/24498939IJCM.18.037.10023
Dryl, W. (2018b). Zrównoważony luksus – wyzwanie i szansa dla przedsiębiorstw działających na rynku dóbr luksusowych. Ekonomika i Organizacja Przedsiębiorstwa, 8, 24–32.
Dryl, W. (2022). History as a Factor Creating the Value of a Luxury Brand. Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska. Sectio H Oeconomia, 56(5), 63–80. https://doi.org/10.17951/h.2022.56.5.63-80 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17951/h.2022.56.5.63-80
Dryl, W., & Dryl, T. (2017). Wartości marki luksusowej i ich znaczenie w procesie kształtowania luksusowego charakteru produktu. Nowoczesne Systemy Zarządzania, 12(1), 169–182. https://doi.org/10.37055/nsz/129459 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37055/nsz/129459
Edmondson, D. R. (2005). Likert Scales. A History. CHARM. The Future of Marketing’s Past, 12, 127–133.
Gerhardt, C., Plack, M., & Drost, N. (2020). Why Today’s Pricing is Sabotaging Sustainability. Kearney. Retrieved from: https://www.kearney.com/documents/291362523/291369552/Why+todays+pricing+sabotages+sustainability.pdf/38b0b917-886d-3d47-c7b7-74dc6d89c636?t=1599751848000 (accessed: 18.05.2026).
Goodman, P. S., Wang, V., & Paton, E. (2021). Global Brands Find It Hard to Untangle Themselves from Xinjiang Cotton. The New York Times. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/06/business/xinjiang-china-cotton-brands.html (accessed: 12.08.2024).
Gorusch, R. L. (1983). Factor Analysis (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Kammerl, D., Schockenhoff, D., Hollauer, C., Weidmann, D., & Lindemann, U. (2017). A Framework for Sustainable Product Development. In: M. Matsumoto, K. Masui, S. Fukushige, S. Kondoh (Eds), Sustainability through Innovation in Product Life Cycle Design (pp. 21–32). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0471-1_2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0471-1_2
Kapferer, J.-N., & Michaut, A. (2015). Luxury and Sustainability: A Common Future? The Match Depends on How Consumers Define Luxury. Luxury Research Journal, 1(1), 3–17. https://doi.org/10.1504/LRJ.2015.069828 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/LRJ.2015.069828
Kemp, M., & Dłużewska, A. (2023). Defining Luxury and High-end Tourism – Reflections on the Key Issues and Market Trends. Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska. Geographia, Geologia, Mineralogia et Petrographia, 78, 21–37. https://doi.org/10.17951/b.2023.78.0.21-37 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17951/b.2023.78.0.59-76
Kim, J., Park, J., & Septianto, F. (2022). The Impact of Socioeconomic Status on Preferences for Sustainable Luxury Brands. Psychology & Marketing, 39(8), 1563–1578. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21671 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21671
Kiszkiel, Ł. (2020). Społeczne „piętno” luksusu. Rywalizacja o pozycję w hierarchii społecznej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku.
KPMG. (2024). Rynek dóbr luksusowych w Polsce. Nowe wymiary luksusu. Retrieved from: https://kpmg.com/pl/pl/home/insights/2024/05/rynek-dobr-luksusowych-w-polsce-nowe-wymiary-luksusu.html (accessed: 14.08.2024).
Kunz, J., May, S., & Schmidt, H. J. (2020). Sustainable Luxury: Current Status and Perspectives for Future Research. Business Research, 13(10), 541–601. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40685-020-00111-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40685-020-00111-3
Lu, S., Marjerison, R. K., & Seufert, J. H. (2023). Experiential Marketing, Customer Engagement, and Brand Loyalty in the Luxury Fashion Industry: Empirical Evidence from China. Review of Integrative Business and Economics Research, 12(2), 58–79.
Macer, D. R. (2023). Ethical Issues from the Use of Animals in the Cosmetics and Fashion Industries. In: E. Valdés, J. A. Lecaros (Eds), Handbook of Bioethical Decisions. Volume II: Decisions at the Bench (pp. 575–590). Springer International Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29451-8_31
Minor, K., & Heyes, A. (2022). 50 Shades of the Luxury Hospitality Industry. In: A. S. Kotur, S. K. Dixit (Eds), The Emerald Handbook of Luxury Management for Hospitality and Tourism. Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83982-900-020211021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83982-900-020211021
Naaz, I., Malik, A., Abdullah, M., Tabash, M. I., & Elsantil, Y. (2024). Role of Key Demographic Factors in Consumer Aspirations and Luxury Brand Preference. Innovative Marketing, 20(2), 254–266. https://doi.org/10.21511/im.20(2).2024.21 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21511/im.20(2).2024.21
Newerli-Guz, J., Rybowska, A., & Sterczyński, R. (2014). Luksusowe usługi kosmetyczne i medycyny estetycznej w opinii konsumentów. Handel Wewnętrzny, 4(351), 251–262.
Nowak-Gruca, A. (2019). Europejski model ochrony konsumenta w kontekście human enhancement. Zarys problemów i wyzwań. In: B. Gnela, E. Sługocka-Krupa, M. Szaraniec, A. Viglianisi Ferraro (Eds), Prawo konsumenckie w Polsce oraz innych państwach UE. Zagadnienia wybrane. Wydawnictwo C.H. Beck.
Nunnally, J. C. (1976). Psychometric Theory. McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric Theory (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Pandelaere, M., & Shrum, L. J. (2020). Fulfilling Identity Motives through Luxury Consumption. In: F. Morhart, K. Wilcox, S. Czellar (Eds), Research Handbook on Luxury Branding (pp. 57–74). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781786436351.00014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781786436351.00014
Plażyk, K. (2015). Funkcjonowanie rynku dóbr luksusowych w Polsce. Studia Ekonomiczne, 231, 80–100.
Samuels, P. (2017). Advice on Reliability Analysis with Small Samples – Revised Version. Birmingham City University. Centre for Academic Success. Retrieved from: https://www.open-access.bcu.ac.uk/6077/1/__staff_shares_storage%20500mb_Library_ID112668_Stats%20Advisory_New%20Statistics%20Workshops_17ReliabilityAnalysis_ReliabilitySmallSamples3.pdf (accessed: 12.08.2024).
Saruchera, F., & Mthombeni, L. (2023). Antecedents to the Conspicuous Consumption of Luxury Fashion Brands by Middle-income Black South Africans. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal, 27(6), 944–964. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFMM-06-2022-0126 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JFMM-06-2022-0126
Schweiger, E., Grewal, D., Roggeveen, A. L., & Beitelspacher, L. S. (2020). Managing the Luxury Shopping Experience: Implications for Retail Channels. In: F. Morhart, K. Wilcox, S. Czellar (Eds), Research Handbook on Luxury Branding (pp. 150–169). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781786436351.00020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781786436351.00020
Shin, H., Eastman, J. & Li, Y. (2022). Is It Love or Just Like? Generation Z’s Brand Relationship with Luxury. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 31(3), 394–414. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBM-08-2020-3049 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBM-08-2020-3049
Solomon, M. (2022). Targeting the Luxury Consumer. Retrieved from: https://brandingstrategyinsider.com/targeting-the-luxury-consumer/ (accessed: 12.08.2024).
Song, L., Suri, R., & Huang, Y. (2023). Inferring Quality from Price: The Effect of Stereotype Threat on Price–quality Judgments. European Journal of Marketing, 57(5), 1442–1466. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-10-2021-0802 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-10-2021-0802
Stanciu, A. C., & Condrea, E. (2018). The Quality of Luxury versus the Luxury of Quality. “Ovidius” University Annals: Economic Sciences Series, 18(1), 260–263.
Stanisz, A. (2007). Przystępny kurs statystyki z zastosowaniem STATISTICA PL na przykładach z medycyny. Tom 3: Analizy wielowymiarowe. StatSoft.
Statista Market Insights. (2025). Luxury Goods – Worldwide. Retrieved from: https://www.statista.com/outlook/cmo/luxury-goods/worldwide?srsltid=AfmBOor6Z-JamTWBwGSJdq3A3FwDXncPU5-Lcwlx91sJ-EIExje8SYoj#revenue (accessed: 18.05.2026).
Stępień, B. (2019). Zrównoważony rozwój jako nowa kategoria wartości w modzie luksusowej? Wyniki jakościowych badań międzynarodowych sprzedawców. International Entrepreneurship Review, 5(1), 39–56. https://doi.org/10.15678/IER.2019.0501.03 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15678/IER.2019.0501.03
Stępień, B., & Mruk, H. (2017). Różnice w postrzeganiu luksusu w Polsce i na świecie. Retrieved from: https://www.ican.pl/b/roznice-w-postrzeganiu-luksusu-w-polsce-i-na-swiecie/P113QvNyZ (accessed: 12.08.2024).
Taifa, I. W. R. (2021). Sustainable Industrialisation for Luxury Products: Manufacturers and Retailers Must Commit to Tackling Modern Slavery in Africa. In: I. Coste-Manière, M. Á. Gardetti (Eds), Sustainable Luxury and Jewelry. Environmental Footprints and Eco-design of Products and Processes (pp. 199–228). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2454-4_10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2454-4_10
Talukdar, N., & Yu, S. (2020). Do Materialists Care about Sustainable Luxury? Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 38(4), 465–478. https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-05-2019-0277 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-05-2019-0277
Wang, L., Wang, Q., Chan, E. Y., & Keller, L. R. (2024a). Counterfeits Can Benefit Original Products When People Are Caught Using Counterfeits. Psychology & Marketing, 41(5), 977–988. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21963 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21963
Wang, Z., Liu, J., Qiu, Y., Lin, H., & Xin, Y. (2024b). Luxury Sustainable Design for Gen Z. International Journal of Mathematics and Systems Science, 7(6), 97–101.
Wieczorkowska, G., & Wierzbiński, J. (2007). Statystyka. Analiza badań społecznych. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar.
Xie, Q., & Lou, C. (2020). Curating Luxe Experiences Online? Explicating the Mechanisms of Luxury Content Marketing in Cultivating Brand Loyalty. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 20(3), 209–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/15252019.2020.1811177 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15252019.2020.1811177
Yurdugül, H. (2008). Minimum Sample Size for Cronbach’s Coefficient Alpha: A Monte Carlo Study. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 35, 397–405.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Krakow University of Economics
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
